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<text id=93TT0400>
<title>
Dec. 02, 1993: Sometimes The Door Slams Shut
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
Dec. 02, 1993 Special Issue:The New Face Of America
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
SPECIAL ISSUE:THE NEW FACE OF AMERICA
Sometimes The Door Slams Shut, Page 33
</hdr>
<body>
<p>By John Elson
</p>
<p> For most of its history, the U.S. has been wide open to immigrants--those from Europe, that is. Countless 19th century voyagers
from the Old World pursued the uniquely egalitarian shelter
of a New World so different from Europe's rigidly structured
nation-states. Barriers to immigration did not square with the
American ideal of opportunity for all.
</p>
<p> Not that each newcomer was welcomed by a fledgling society entirely
free from fear and bias. In 1798 Congress raised the residency
requirement for citizenship from 5 to 14 years, largely to exclude
political refugees from Europe who might foment revolution.
Later some states imposed taxes on alien ship passengers they
feared might become public charges.
</p>
<p> Such nativist sentiments only grew after the Civil War. The
once vast frontier seemed less vast, and economic recessions
raised fears that cheap foreign laborers might take American
jobs. There was also the openly racist argument that some newcomers,
Asians especially, could not be "assimilated." In 1882 Congress
passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, imposing a head tax and excluding
whole categories of people--convicts and the mentally ill,
for example. For the first time there were real limits on European
immigration. Twelve years later, a group calling itself the
Immigration Restriction League adopted the pseudo science of
eugenics as the basis for its contention that breeding from
"inferior stock" would fatally weaken America.
</p>
<p> After World War I, there were fears that millions of displaced
Europeans, newly influenced by Bolshevism, would infect America
with alien ideology. As a result, a series of racism-tinted
national-origins laws passed during the 1920s established an
annual immigration quota of 150,000 that favored established
groups like the Germans and Irish. Some nationalities, notably
the Japanese, were excluded entirely. The national-origins system
was preserved in the 1952 McCarran-Walter Act, though that notorious
law did establish tiny quotas--100 or so a year--for such
previously barred groups as Indians and Filipinos.
</p>
<p> Underlying these laws was the belief that preserving America's
ethnic mix as it existed in 1920 was politically and culturally
desirable. After World War II, the quotas were relaxed only
to allow in politically favored groups, such as the 38,000 Hungarians
who fled the 1956 Soviet crackdown. Inspired by Lyndon Johnson's
Civil Rights Act, Congress in 1965 at last ended the national-origins
system and opened America's doors to the Third World.
</p>
<p> The 1980 Refugee Act radically expanded the definition of those
eligible for political asylum. But because it has been poorly
enforced and easily abused, it helped bring on today's growing
demand for new limits on aliens. Still, for the first time in
its history, the U.S. has an immigration policy that, for better
or worse, is truly democratic.--J.E.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>